PMC

(A) U/Pb ages for CAMP intrusives (white circles), CAMP basalts (brown circles), and ash beds from Nevada and Peru (yellow circles), and ammonoid events (, , , , ). Note that U/Pb ages 4, 7, 11, and 14 are all from the North Mountain Basalt. 1, Kakoulima intrusion (); 2, Tarabuco sill (); 3, Messejana dike (); 4, North Mountain Basalt (); 5, Amelal sill (); 6, Amazonas sill (low Ti) (); 7, North Mountain Basalt (, ); 8, Palisades sill (), feeder of the Orange Mountain Basalt; 9, York Haven intrusive (); 10, Rapidan intrusive (); 11, North Mountain Basalt (); 12, Fouta Djalon sill (); 13, Hodh sill (); 14, North Mountain Basalt (, ); 15, Amazonas sill (high Ti) (); 16, Shelburne dike (); 17, Rossville intrusive (); 18, Preakness Basalt (); 19, Foum Zguid (); 20, Ash bed LM4-86, Peru (, ); 21, Ash bed LM4-90, Peru (, ); 22, Ash bed NYC-N10, Nevada (); 23, Ash bed LM4-100/101, Peru (, ); 24, Amazonas Basin sill, Brazil (); 25, Solimões Basin sill, Brazil (). (B) Ammonite zones and extinction interval (). (C to E) Bulk organic C-isotope (as ‰ of Vienna Pee Dee belemnite) (, ) and Hg/TOC (in ppb/%) records for (C) Stenlille-1, (D) Kuhjoch, Austria (, ), and (E) New York Canyon, Nevada (). For an expanded version of this figure showing correlations of Hg/TOC-records and Hg -records of all studied localities, see fig. S2.

Compilation of available high precision U-Pb ages of Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) intrusive (open circle) and extrusive (filled circle) rocks from North America, South America, Europe and Africa. The orange horizontal line represents a calculated U-Pb age of the end-Triassic extinction (ETE). The oldest age for CAMP magmatism is 201.635 ± 0.029 Ma, dated from the Kakoulima intrusion in Guinea, attesting for the occurrence of magmatism prior to the ETE. Two sills from the Solimões and Amazonas basins overlap with the age of the ETE. Sills dated in this study are marked in red and by a star symbol. The sill from the Solimões Basin has an U-Pb age of 201.470 ± 0.089 Ma whereas the Amazonas sill is dated to 201.477 ± 0.062 Ma. The remaining U-Pb ages are from: (a) ref. and (b) ref.. Note that the age for the North Mountain Basalt (abbreviated as NMB) is an average age of ages from refs^,,.

Semivariogram of the residuals of the final GWR model, with the dotted line showing the fitted value. The semivariance is shown on the y-axis. The semivariance of the residuals between households starts at 0.61 (nugget) demonstrating some spatial autocorrelation on distances up to 2.7 km (range). Beyond this threshold the semivariance is high and stabilizes at 0.825 (sill) indicating minimal RSA

The early activity (Timpe phase) develops at the base of a landslide depression (top). The filling of this depression by lava flows creates a stiffness barrier and a sill forms. The successive activity (Valle del Bove phase) occurs in a sector located to the northwest of the Timpe conduits (middle). Also in this latter case, a sill forms because of the development of a stiffness barrier. The last activity (stratovolcano phase) occurs northwest of the Valle del Bove conduits/sill(s) (bottom). The present-day Etna volcano growths during this last phase. The locations of the present shallow feeding system and of the high Vp body are from dynamic tomography studies. Figure generated with Inkscape and Irfanview.